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What Is Peer Review

Peer Review is a generic term that is used to describe a process of self-regulation by a profession or a process of evaluation involving qualified individuals with the related field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards, improve performance, and provide credibility.

Terminology

The process and content of peer review may vary substantially depending on the profession and the purpose of the review. The key elements Peer and Review define and describe the term.

Peer

1. Someone “of equal standing with another … especially belonging to the same societal group…or [having the same] status” [1]
2. “A noble with a hereditary title, i.e., a peerage, and in times past, with certain rights and privileges not enjoyed by commoners.” [2]

Review

1. A critical inspection or examination
2. A second or repeated viewing of past events, circumstances or facts. [3]

Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs. The following terms could be used to make these distinctions, but generally those in any given field just rely on the generic term. Even when qualifiers are applied, they may be used inconsistently. For example, Clinical peer review has been used to refer specifically to Physician peer review, [4] to the peer evaluation of clinical teaching skills for both physicians and nurses, [5] [6] to scientific peer review of journal articles, and to the secondary rating of the clinical value of articles in peer reviewed journals. [7] Similarly, Medical peer review has been used by the American Medical Association (AMA) to refer not only to the process of improving quality and safety in healthcare organizations [8], but also to process by which adverse actions involving clinical privileges or professional society membership may be pursued.[9] Thus, the terminology has poor standardization and specificity, particularly as a database search term.

Professional Peer Review

Professional peer review focuses on professional performance, with a view to improving quality, upholding standards, or providing certification. Professional peer review activity is widespread in the field of health care, where it may be termed Clinical peer review or Medical peer review. Further, since peer review activity is commonly segmented by clinical discipline, there is also Physician peer review, Nursing peer review, Dentistry peer review, [10] etc. Many other professional fields have some level of peer review process: Accounting, [11] Law, [12] [13] Engineering (e.g., Software peer review, Technical peer review), Aviation, and even Forest Fire Management. [14]. In academia, peer review is common in decisions related to faculty advancement and tenure.

Peer review of government policy

The technique of peer review is also used to improve government policy. In particular, the European Union uses it as a tool in the ‘Open Method of Co-ordination’ of policies in the fields of employment and social inclusion.

A program of peer reviews in active labour market policy[36] started in 1999, and was followed in 2004 by one in social inclusion.[37] Each program sponsors about eight peer review meetings in each year, in which a ‘host country’ lays a given policy or initiative open to examination by half a dozen other countries and relevant European-level NGOs. These usually meet over two days and include visits to local sites where the policy can be seen in operation. The meeting is preceded by the compilation of an expert report on which participating ‘peer countries’ submit comments. The results are published on the web.

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About the Author

Theron M. Claude is President of MedicalJobClassifieds.com, the webs leading source of both medical jobs and healthcare talent.  Find medical jobs, healthcare jobs in Nursing, Rehab Therapy, Radiology, Allied Health, specializing in MD jobs. The Web’s #1 Healthcare Medical Job site. If you’re looking for healthcare jobs or medical jobs, look no further.

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